Software testing is a crucial phase of a software development life cycle that helps evaluate whether the application meets the expected requirements. A common approach is examining the software’s behavior and artifacts through component verification and validation.

Storage management is a critical aspect of IT infrastructure that plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability and reliability of data. Two of the most common configurations in storage management are the active/passive and active/active configurations. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of these

Cross-site request forgery is an attack in which an adversary can submit a malicious request on behalf of the victim user. In an application with cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities, malicious users can submit unauthorized commands since the application trusts the origin user account. Also known as session riding, XSRF,

An injection vulnerability allows a malicious actor to inject harmful code into a system through another application. Hackers typically use injection attacks to access the backend server configuration, shell commands, or OS calls when the application fails to validate user input adequately. Since the web application accepts untrusted user data

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to submit unusual, malicious requests on behalf of an unsuspecting user. CSRF attacks, also known as one-click attacks, cross-site reference forgery, session riding, or hostile linking, take advantage of the trust between the server and client-side session, causing

The Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (RCE) is a security vulnerability exploited by malicious users to run arbitrary code on a compromised server/computer. A remote code execution attack is typically aimed at gaining system-level privileges and administrative access to a public-facing application, giving the unauthenticated attacker visibility of the server’

Computer ports are crucial components in application programming and networking since they provide a central docking point for exchanging information between two entities. A port number provides consistency and is combined with the target host IP address to form the vital information that the internet service provider uses to fulfill

Intro It goes without saying that these days we’re all at the mercy of technology. So complete is our reliance on technology, that even the smallest blip in the system can often result in significant business losses. Because of this, it’s imperative for any organization to accurately architect

Modern application security relies on the username-password combination as the most common approach to authenticate registered users into a digital entity. Because of its ease of implementation for most digital experiences, a password function is used to offer the first line of defense for both front and backend security. However,

Access control in cyber security is a crucial mechanism that helps mitigate the risk of a malicious actor retrieving data or viewing resources without proper authorization. Besides controlling access to data, controlling access techniques also enable seamless logging of data and resource access events. An Access Control List (ACL) includes

With the advancement of distributed computing, IoT device networks and smart grids have been widely adopted for automating industrial control, modern power systems, and other critical infrastructures. These systems rely on sensors and actuators that generate and forward sensory data through multiple nodes. While such systems offer numerous features to

Penetration testing helps security researchers uncover vulnerabilities that a hacker may potentially exploit to compromise an entire tech stack, network, or web application. An enumeration pentest is one such penetration technique that helps determine whether device configurations have been appropriately implemented, apart from helping to meet compliance requirements and develop

Security vulnerabilities are weaknesses in an application stack that attackers exploit during a cyber attack to obtain unauthorized access. Common attack patterns involve leveraging these security risks to install malware, access/alter sensitive data and run malicious code on the target system. Similar to vulnerabilities in software, exposures are security

With data and network security being a major concern for modern software development, several frameworks and guidelines have been developed to administer secure systems. The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) database is a community-developed project that provides a catalog of common vulnerabilities in the software and hardware of an organization’s

Containers have become a popular method for packaging and deploying applications in recent years. Container images are the building blocks of containerized applications and are used to create, distribute, and run containerized applications. These images are designed to be lightweight and portable, making them ideal for cloud-native applications, microservices, and

In web development, directives define custom tags translated to regular Javascript, HTML, or CSS to modify a page’s Document Object Model. Server Side Inclusion represents the directives in a web document’s request header field that instructs the server to include additional data within the HTML output for dynamic

Structured Query Language (SQL) is one of the most popular components of most modern tech stacks as it offers a simple, powerful, and expressive language for data processing. The language allows developers to easily create, manage, and manipulate relational databases, streamlining application data storage and access. However, albeit the benefits,

Cryptography encompasses the tools and techniques used to protect communication and information exchange to ensure confidentiality, non-repudiation, integrity, and authenticity. Modern cryptographic techniques involve converting plain-text messages into ciphertext that the intended recipient can only decode. With the rapidly changing threat environment, traditional encryption and obfuscation techniques are susceptible to

Client-side attacks are complex to mitigate as they abuse the trust between a web server and the users accessing the website. Two such client-side attacks are Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), which inject malicious scripts into a target system for deeper exploitation of the tech stack or

Modern software development is characterized by agile principles that encourage rapid release and update cycles. Agile methodology’s core components require implementing strict integrity checks, without which attackers can inject malicious inputs that can potentially impact all stages of the deployment pipeline. In most instances, insecure design is one of

Capitalizing on a server-side request forgery vulnerability, attackers target a vulnerable application’s backend server and coax it to execute malicious requests for performing unintended actions. Through SSRF attacks, hackers can infiltrate other systems connected to the webserver or target internal resources they cannot reach from outside the network. With

Web caching enables quicker and seamless browsing by downloading the copy of a file locally, thereby preventing future browser requests from getting redirected to the remote server. In a vulnerable application, threat actors inject specially crafted data into cache memory, causing the webserver to respond with a malicious HTTP response

An HTTP request smuggling attack is when the hacker interferes with the processing of HTTP requests between clients and web servers. The attackers maliciously customize and craft multiple HTTP requests from a single request, making two target entities see the same HTTP request as distinct, separate requests. The impacts of